CERVICAL CANCER IN VIETNAMESE WOMAN Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CERVICAL CANCER IN VIETNAMESE WOMAN - Thesis Example An auxiliary examination of the investigation is led to discover the cervical malignancy contrasts. The survey is set up to dissect the information with respect to cervical disease. The hypothetical system is the primary piece of this examination; this part presents an investigation of the cervical malignancy in Vietnamese ladies. The consequence of the examination shows that cervical disease is because of low Pap testing rates as opposed to distinction in human papillomavirus contamination rates. The impacts of obstructions of counteraction are surveyed. The outcome finds that a large portion of the ladies are not having Pap screening. The consequences of the examination will help in execution of mediations. The examination finishes up with dissecting the counteraction strategies and attention to cervical malignancy control programs for Vietnamese ladies and suggesting noteworthiness of Pap testing. 1. Select the Problem:  The issue chose for the investigation is the spreading of the cervical malignant growth among Vietnamese ladies. As indicated by the investigation led by QIAGEN Group (QIAGEN is the main worldwide supporter of test and examine instruments. Test apparatuses are utilized to separate and procedure RNA, DNA and proteins from organic models for instance tissue or blood. Measure devices are utilized to make such isolated bimolecular, for example the DNA of a specific infection, perceptible for resulting examination.) (2010, p.2), it is referenced that internationally; cervical malignant growth is the second-most-regular disease among ladies. It is the main source of female malignant growth passings in creating nations, where 80% of cervical disease cases and passings happen (â€Å"Creating a World Free From Cervical Cancer†, 2010, p.2). The investigation of cervical disease is significant, as it is the principal reason for malignant growth passings all inclusive, especially in the creating nations. Discovering its causes and mindfulness about avoidance to Vietnamese ladies is extremely significant. Cervical malignant growth endures to affect the personal satisfaction of ladies and their families. â€Å"Shock, dread, self-fault, frailty, and outrage are the most widely recognized feelings experienced by ladies who get irregular Pap test results† (â€Å"Social Impact of Cancer†, n.d., para. 12). Continuously, ladies misconstrue their chance in developing malignant growth, as they may not completely comprehend human papillomaviruses and their manifestations, which may result to intensified nervousness with respect to what's to come. So this may influence the improvement of the nation and addition a ton of significance to examine with respect to the spreading of cervical malignant growth among Vietnamese ladies. â€Å"Cervical malignant growth among Vietnamese American ladies has been recognized as a significant wellbeing disparity† (Taylor et al., 2008, para.2). Quite a while back, this sort of di sease was the premier type of malignant growth among ladies in both North and South Vietnam. By and by, cervical disease rates are essentially lesser in northern pieces of the nation. (â€Å"Association among War and Cervical Cancer among Vietnamese Women†, 2004, Para.1). â€Å"Many ladies, in any case, are not enough educated about cervical malignant growth and can't explore the social insurance system† (Schleicher, 2007, pg.2). As indicated by Garner, the primary variables of HPV contamination incorporate early sexual relationship, diverse sexual accomplices, trouble in utilizing techniques for anticipation, and other explicitly transmitted infections, for example, HIV. (Gather, 2012, para.4). The

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Rehash stages 1 through 10 another multiple times, continually pushing through an alternate kind of music or no music at all each time 12 Once all the outcomes for every exercise are recorded, rate every exercise out of 10. Note: Make sure that for both running and weight lifting you run a similar separation each time and complete a similar exercise routine for exact outcomes. Rest Its: Discussion: If corroded, as indicated by the tables appeared, tuning in to music during exercise does really significantly affect your inspiration and generally speaking physical performance.But shockingly, not all classifications of music improve your reference during exercise. While not tuning in to music during both running and weight lifting has the most reduced representations of 42. 5%, Classical and Jazz music isn't a long ways behind at 47. 5%. Albeit, in the wake of giving close consideration to the subsequent diagram indicating the aftereffects of music independently on weight lifting and running, saw that not tuning in to music is in reality more viable than tuning in to Jazz and Classical music with regards to running by 10%. The explanation accept this happens is on the grounds that the general moderate pace of the old style concertos and jazz tunes in my plastic are sufficiently steady to slow possess my normal running velocity significantly.I felt less roused when hurrying to Classical and Jazz music; it was more earnestly to propel myself when it felt odd and dubious to keep in time with my means when needed to run quicker than the music was playing, so I for the most part kept in time with the moderate music to decrease disarray, at last hindering my running time altogether. In any event when I didnt tune in to music I had the opportunity to drive myself to run quicker at specific focuses and relax at others as contradict to being stuck at one for the most part moderate pace. On the other hand, tuning in to Electronic/Dance music and Rock/Metal music during the two activities both significantly improved my outcomes in various ways.Whilst the moderate-quick pace and amazingly noisy volume of Rock and Heavy Metal provided great outcomes for my running, averaging at a decent pace of 3. Mm/s, these kinds of music were considerably more powerful during my exercises. As contradict to Electronic/Dance music, which had the contrary impact, being powerful in exercises, however much more so when Running. It just bodes well that the appealing, dull riffs steady in Electronic and Dance music, just as the unbelievably high beats constantly kept e running quicker and harder just to stay aware of the music, this kind of music was the best, permitting me to run at a pinnacle pace of 3. Mm/s. In any case, in spite of the fact that being compelling in my weightlifting meetings also, the pace of Electronic and Dance music was commonly excessively quick.

What Causes the Freshman 15

What Causes the Freshman 15 Stress Management Effects on Health Print What Causes the Freshman 15? Whats Behind New College Students Weight Gain By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 20, 2020 Jamie Grill / Tetra Images / Getty Images More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress It’s hard to be an incoming freshman and avoid hearing about the dreaded freshman 15, the roughly fifteen pounds that many incoming freshmen tend to gain during their first year in college. While the poundage doesnt always exactly ring in at fifteen, the tendency to gain weight is significant enough to earn itself a lasting title. First, its important to note that this specific amount of weight gain isnt common to everyone. Some people gain more weight, some less, and some gain no extra weight at all or even lose pounds when they leave home for college for the first time. However, its a common enough experience that it has earned a nickname that has endured through several decades, and is something to be aware of so it can hopefully be avoided. What causes the notorious weight gain experienced by new college students? How can it be avoided? Let’s explore some of the underlying factors at play in the freshman 15: New Eating Habits When you’re living with parents and going to high school, many of the details of what, when and how much you eat are already planned out for you. Getting to college and having unlimited choices (and limited cooking experience) can make a diet of fast food, chips, soft drinks and pizza at 3 a.m. commonplace. Several weeks of this can cause quick weight gain. Eating While Studying Many new college students find themselves in a position of doing less studying during class time (under the watchful eye of a teacher) and more studying on their own time when they can mindlessly snack on junk food for hours without anyone noticing. If you find yourself doing this, stop. Think about what you’re really doing: eating large amounts of unhealthy food, when you wouldn’t normally be hungry, and not burning it off. This is not a good thing. Eating Late at Night Closely related to the eating-while-studying phenomenon is the eating-late-at-night habit that many incoming freshmen develop. You may naturally find yourself staying up later to study or party, and hunger may sneak up on you. This sudden craving may lead to late-night binge eating, which studies show may lead to significant weight gain.?? Eating Snack Food Often, the most convenient late-night food is fast food. In fact, fast food is a convenient choice for any time of day. If you’re not used to cooking your own meals or focused on making healthy choices when you buy your meals, it’s easy to fall into a diet of burgers, fries, and deep-fried nuggets, supplemented with chips and soft drinks. If you want a real scare, check the nutritional information on these foods! Emotional Eating College life comes with many changes and challenges, including difficult classes, new relationships, and homesickness. Many people deal with emotional stresses like these with emotional eating, which includes eating when you’re not hungry or filling an emotional void with food. If you find yourself becoming an emotional eater, it’s time to read this article on how to stop emotional eating, before you get closer to gaining the freshman 15. Drinking Yes, many college students drinkâ€"even freshmen. This contributes to the freshman 15 in two ways. Alcoholic drinks tend to be high in calories. Additionally, alcohol can deteriorate muscle tissue, which lowers your overall metabolism.?? So, in case you needed them, now you have more reasons to stay away from binge drinking. Not Enough Exercise Sure, trekking from class to class can be a workout. But its not enough to keep you trim. Many college students find themselves busier than they were in high school, so theres less time to commit to regular exercise or be involved in other physical activities. This can be a big factor in the 15.? You’re At That Age ... Many freshman 15 factors are under your control, but this one isn’t: your age. During the middle school and high school years, most teens are growing pretty quickly and staying active. The college years, however, generally occur in the first years of adulthood when most of a person’s physical growth is complete and some lifestyle habits may start to change. This can contribute to the other factors that cause weight gain, leading many people to start putting on weight for the first time in their lives. This is the perfect time to start developing habits that will help maintain a healthy adult body for years to come.

Racism, Racism And White Supremacy - 1178 Words

Notable psychologist Viktor E. Frankl once stated: â€Å"When we are no longer able to change a situation - we are challenged to change ourselves.† Dramatic and serious change is difficult because when predictability disappears, so does our human sense of safety. While it may be grueling and exhausting, change is essential when a problem needs to be battled head-on. As a society, we need to change the way racial inequalities have been set up and the way we go about our lives. Racism has a large effect on minorities nationwide daily, and it can often go unnoticed or be incorrectly identified. But what truly is racism in America, today? Racism is still an extremely prevalent subject in today’s society, based on specific phenomena that affects black youth and perpetuates the false veil of brute equality. Since the inequality flag has flown since the day American settlers transcended what the Natives stood for, the primary fuel and focus remains on Black youth today. Systems of institutionalized racism and white supremacy have greatly impacted too many lives. It is also important to define privilege, the concept of â€Å"reverse racism†, and what truly is racist. White privilege can be defined as a â€Å"set of advantages and/or immunities that white people benefit from on a daily basis beyond those common to all others† (Avakian). Now how does that affect the black condition? These antiblack frat horror stories and police shootings are not isolated incidents anymore. I myself have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Source Of Racism And White Supremacy Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe source of racism and white supremacy is fear of genetic annihilation. Their existence is a result of genetic mutation and environmental adaptation according to scholars and scientist of various fie lds. Albinism is a genetic imperfection that prohibits the production of melanin, the genetic content that gives color to eyes, skin and hair. Legendary scholar, author and psychiatrist, Dr. Frances Cress Welsing argues that African albinos, rejected by their parents, alienated from their communitiesRead MoreThe Riot On Racism And White Supremacy Essay1822 Words   |  8 PagesIn the year 1898 in the town of Wilmington, North Carolina a riot occurred between the African American inhabitants and the white minority of the city. Several historians accuse the origin of the riot on racism and white supremacy. Although these two beliefs have been around for countless years, and African Americans received the right to vote almost thirty years’ prior, no demonstration nor aggressive threats, to the point in which was seen in 1898, had occurred in Wilmington until that year. TheRead MoreRacism And White Supremacy For African Americans1288 Words   |  6 Pages For centuries Afr ica American’s have been stripped from their freedom, their history, and their human rights due to racism and white supremacy. However, in 1868 there was a light at the end of the tunnel, African Americans thought there was an end to racism and the beginning of equality when the 14th Amendment was created. The 14th Amendment stated, â€Å"All persons born in the United States are citizens of the United States†¦ no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privilegesRead MoreI’M Analyzing The Effect Of Racism And White Supremacy2031 Words   |  9 PagesI’m analyzing the effect of racism and white supremacy in the movie â€Å"Get Out†. It was recently released to theatre that tells the story of an interracial couple named Chris and Rose and their trip to visit Rose’s family. The plot starts out simple with it just being a weekend out of the city to be a thriller horror story. Once they get there Chris notices some strange th ings happening. At the start it seems like everyone is very uncomfortable around African Americans. Especially at the family’s annualRead MoreWhite Supremacy Is Influencing The Young People Of Today988 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever wondered if White Supremacy is influencing the young people of today the wrong thing? Why should White Supremacy in America be abolished? Over more than 200 years, White Supremacy has made an authority on the nation’s history, often through the federal and state laws, and it continues to be a visual element in the American society. White Supremacy was created during the 19th century, during the removal of the Native American tribes in the east of Mississippi to landRead MoreAmerican History And Its Current Setting927 Words   |  4 Pagesused the term racist or racism, the denotation suggest that they are talking on an individual level. The Oxford dictionary regards racism as an individual hate and discrimination against another race. But what about the bigger picture? Is society ignoring the systematic and power relationship racism actually stems from? The first print of the term racism was recorded in Oxford Dictionary in 1902 by Richard Henry Pratt (Demby, â€Å"The Ugly, Fascinating History Of The Word Racism†). Pratt once made aRead MoreBell Hooks Loving Blackness As Political Resistance Analysis1329 Words   |  6 Pagesas Political Resistance† The racism that runs deep in the blood of the United States is a complex issue to tackle. As white supremacy was the foundation on which the country was born, many believe that society breeds this racism and deny the possibility of change. bell hooks eloquently addresses the problems faced by those who seek to make change and establish equality in her essay, â€Å"Loving Blackness as Political Resistance.† She discusses these problems through the lens of her instruction by usingRead MoreHistory : Teachers, Textbooks And Racism1633 Words   |  7 PagesA Whitewashed History: Teachers, Textbooks and Racism. Textbooks can be wrong. Is it possible that watching the History Channel could be more informative than the average High School History class? Alia Wong points out in her article History Class and the Fictions about Race in America the topics of underqualified teachers, inaccurate textbooks and the inefficacy of history being taught at all grade levels. I, myself, can attest to this statement having been taught history by a teacher who taughtRead MoreThe Workshop Healing From Toxic Whiteness On Fight For Racial Justice Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesprevent white people from taking action for racial justice, a new framework for looking at white supremacy (including how it negatively impacts white people), and mindfulness techniques for working through moments when white people feel overwhelmed with what to do about racism. The workshop explained that even though white people benefit from white supremacy, they are also harmed emotionally. The facilitators explained how whiteness was created by white elite and initially also harmed poor white peopleRead MoreRacism : The Roots Of Racism1144 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor issue of racism in America and the effect it had on the people at the receiving end.The book showed how the whole government system was racist and would not allow the non-whites to uplift.As a result they always remained in poverty.So as part of my research assignment I decided to conduct research on racism. My hypothesis was that even though racist policies have ended racism is still a major issue in the society .I broke my research down to 3 primary question. Origin of racism in America.What

Budget and Budget Committee Example

Essays on Budget and Budget Committee Essay Essay Budget and Budget Committee: Budget refers to planning and organizing finances. Businesses especially when launching themselves allocate their financial resources to different things related to the functioning of the business. Hence, a thorough analysis of finances is very essential to the efficient growing and running of any business of committee. Hence, for each business or even any type of group or organization to prosper, it is very essential that its finances are managed carefully. Hence, this requires budgeting which obviously needs a group of people who can sit and ponder over what to spend where ands how etc. this fundamental task comes under the budget committee’s role. For a business, a budget committee’s formation is absolutely needed. This committee helps in outlining financial goals basically. The committee prepares documents and papers that show the financial position of the organization/business etc it is working for. This visual representation helps in planning out the activities of the business in a much better way. Expected financial results can also be seen through a thorough analysis of past records and events done by the committee. This preparation of financial documents for decision making can hence be called the main purpose of a budge committee. (Brian Tracy, 2004). A simple budget committee includes four main things or components. These are: - Sales and revenue - Profit or loss - expected costs (total costs) - Total profits thereafter A budget committee sits down and does a methodical analysis of the marketing and sales departments that it works for. By this, it simply is being a group of people all work together to make accuracy and authenticity of data their main criteria. This is done so that all estimated or projected total costs and the resulting profit or loss from them, are true. This leads to a reliable setoff data to be analyzed and drawn conclusions from. And this serves as a true and accurate set of compiled information that is used by the business (in this case) for decisions making purposes. Usually, for the budget committee to be effective, all data is collected through research by surveys and market analysis. A true budget hence portrays the business’s true worth and potential. Each budget committee member also makes sure that the budget is appraised and reviewed regularly for instance, every month. This calls for even more timely collection of data and keeps the committee on track with the latest trends in financial costs inclinations. The budget committee hence helps in saving a lot of time and money and keeps the entire business organized. (Brian Tracy, 2004). Flow of a Budget: By, flow of a budget, it is meant how basically a budget is prepared. This calls for an outlining of things that come first or are considered first, when making a budget, second, third and so on. A budget as mentioned above undertakes many important goals and deals with different types of financial trends, costs, analysis and decision making etc. The stages involved in the flow of a budget are as follows: 1. Sales value (estimated): The first thing that a budget undertakes or includes in itself, is the probable amount of sales in value for the month the budget is being made for. This is based on a complete analysis of the marketing and sales function of the business. Hence, the data involved here is that of number of goods sold, amount spent on advertising and marketing etc. There are usually written or recorded by a high, medium and low sales tag (estimated sales that is.) 2. Operating Costs: this is the second part of the budget. This illustrates what the business has spent on regular everyday expenses and how much. These costs can be related to the human resource department or even the production or dispatch/delivery department etc. from heating and lighting, to cost of fuel to salaries of employees, all comes under the tag â€Å"operating costs†. A budget hence deals with these different costs listed clearly as follows: Costs of buying the service or product Marketing and other Sales costs Administration costs Costs of operation e.g. Lighting expenses Other fixed, variable and semi-variable costs related to business operations 3. Profit or Loss (monthly): this part of the budget includes the cumulative profit or loss from operations of that month only. This step is useful for the budget committee for analysis purposes that it does later at the end of the year usually to find out the broad trends and inclinations in sales, profit, revenue and losses. 4. Total Profit or Loss: this part contains the cumulative profits or losses for the year or a set of months (quarterly, half-yearly etc.) From this are the breakeven ratios and other business profitability ratios calculated for further analysis of the functioning of the business for that period of time. We can definitely say here, that this part shows a business’s true latent, or its true potential. (Brian Tracy, 2004). Differences between Traditional Costing and ABC Costing Technique: This section refers to a called analysis for the difference/s between Traditional Costing (TC) and Activity Based Costing (ABC). These differences hence are: 1. Traditional Costing deals with exact figures for example, number of goods sold etc. Hence, all overhead costs are assigned to these. ABC costing however, does this very less, and rather puts the general trend as an allocation basis. Assignment is not related to the quantity of products. 2. TC allocates all manufacturing or production costs to products themselves. ABC costing allocates both manufacturing and non-manufacturing to products. 3. Direct labour and machine hours are the allocation bases in TC. This base is usually in correlation to the alterations that occur automatically in overhead costs or operating costs that are allocated to the base when using that base. This does not happen in TC. ABC only allocates a cost to the product only if there will be changes in the product cost in the future because of some decisions. 4. ABC against TC uses more cost allocations or pools. (FMAccounting, n.d.) Important points to remember while selecting Cost Drivers: Cost driver is something that controls the cost relating to a business function or doing. These are a component of the ABC. There are two types of cost drivers. These being: activity driver resource driver (BNET Business Dictionary, n.d.) The question that arises here is what factors to consider when selecting one type of cost driver out of many available. The things to consider are: accuracy acceptable information cost simple to analyze and understand should a combo of cost driver be taken, or one only avoiding complexity, while selecting whichever cost driver (Carsten Homburg, 2002). Different methods for calculating Payback: Payback period refers to the total time that it will acquire for an amount of money that has been invested in a capital good to come back to the investor. This basically is done through a series of cash flows and which eventually results in an accumulation of the total amount that was initially invested. One way to calculate this payback period is through a formula. This formula is: Payback period = Cost of Investment divided by Annual Cash Flows. (Masego Matseke, n.d.) Other methods of calculating payback period include: discounting cash flows; calculating the annual rate of return; IRR; Risk-adjusted rate of return; Return on Assets; Return on investment etc. (LearningMatters, 2008). ‘Both Managerial Accountants and Financial Accountants use the data from the accounting system of the firm but for different purposes.’ Financial information is a necessary tool for all businesses to have so that future and current business decisions are based on this information. A financial accountant is a person who undertakes the objective role that financial information carries with itself. This basically means that a financial accountant makes all the financial statements. His job requires him to present all financial data in a proper format. Hence, he makes all accounts and tables/charts for the managers to see and analyze. An accountant manages and maintains a track for income and expenses, assets, operating costs, returns, loans, debt etc. Accountants handle all this raw data and transform it into a proper categorised data that is presented in the form of information. (QandAs- Legal, n.d.) After all this depiction of information is done in accounts and statements, does the task of a managerial accountant begin. He is responsible for their leadership placements. They use their administration and management skills to analyze the presented information and base their decision making on this information that is prepared by a financial accountant. These are also called advisors to the business, since they evaluate financial information. Managerial accountants also are part of a product’s for instance, entire stream of work. This includes decisions related to marketing budget, sales budget, promotion expenses, pricing, outsourcing etc. (Sigel, Gary, 2000). As mentioned above, it is very clear how the two roles differ even though the main element of each accountant’s role still remains the same. There is just a difference in the â€Å"sub-s† involved. Works Cited 1. Sigel, Gary. â€Å"What do management accountants do?† Strategic Finance Publication. 2000. All Business. August, 17, 2008. http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting-reporting/managerial-accounting/605863-1.html 2. QandAs- Legal. â€Å"What does an accountant do?† QandAs. (n.d.) August, 17, 2008. http://legal.qandas.com/personal-taxes/what-does-an-account-do.html 3. LearningMatters. â€Å"Calculating Payback Period†. LearningMatters. (2008) Echelon Learning Ltd. August, 17, 2008. http://www.learningmatters.com/idx/7741/index.html 4. Masego Matseke. â€Å"Payback Period†. (n.d.) 12Manage. August, 17, 2008. http://www.12manage.com/methods_payback_period.html 5. Carsten Homburg. â€Å"A note on optimal cost driver selection in ABC†. ScienceDirect. 2002. Academic Press. August, 17, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WMY-456JPDV-B_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=883baf2da051b21acf9381152ac7eeb5 6. BNET. â€Å"Cost Driver†. BNET Business Dictionary. (n.d.) CNET Networks Inc. August, 17, 2008. http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/cost+driver.html 7. FMAccounting. â€Å"Difference between ABC system versus traditional based costing system†. Financial, Management and Accounting. (n.d.) August, 17, 2008. http://fmaccounting.com/difference-between-abc-system-versus-traditional-based-costing-system/ 8. Brian Tracy. â€Å"Drafting your budget†. Entrepreneur Connect. 2004. Entrepreneur.com Inc. August, 17, 2008. http://www.entrepreneur.com/money/article72918.html

The Effect Of Cooperation On Efl Learners Education Essay Free Essays

This paper will look into the consequence of cooperation on EFL scholars ‘ reading comprehension. The consequence will be examined in three subdivisions harmonizing to the surveies done in the field. First, the consequence of student-student cooperation will be explored. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect Of Cooperation On Efl Learners Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Second, the consequence of student-teacher cooperation will be studied. Last, the consequence of student-reading specializer will be considered. Nevertheless, before traveling to the point at that place will come some elucidation about cooperation. Research in the field of schemes and scheme categorizations ( Oxford, 1990 ; cited in Brown, 2007 ) has classified cooperation as a societal scheme and has defined it in footings of collaborating with others and collaborating with adept users of the new linguistic communication. This â€Å" adept users of the new linguistic communication † can consist both instructors and the specializers of the new linguistic communication. As supported by surveies ( Almanza, 1997 ; Fehring, 1987 ; Jacobs, 2000 ; Sen, Burns, A ; Miller, 2009 ) student-student cooperation affected the scholars ‘ or pupils ‘ reading comprehension positively. By student-student cooperation, we mean several pupils collaborating and join forcesing with each other during the reading procedure. One manner to bring forth student-student cooperation is through concerted acquisition. â€Å" Concerted acquisition is agreement in which pupils work in mixed-ability groups and are rewarded on the footing of the success of the group † ( Woolfolk, Winne, A ; Perry, 2003. p. 329 ) . To hold effectual concerted acquisition, groups must be concerted ; i.e. all members must take part ( Woolfolk et al. , 2003 ) . Almanza ( 1997 ) supported the effectivity of student-student cooperation by her findings, which revealed that pupils ‘ accomplishment in reading comprehension could be improved by doing usage of concerted acquisition. Fehring ( 1987 ) is besides in favour of concerted acquisition and its effects on scholars ‘ linguistic communication acquisition in general including reading comprehension. Jacobs ( 2000 ) confirms the effectivity of concerted acquisition in reading, excessively. In his work, Jacobs ( 2000 ) asserted five grounds why concerted acquisition or s tudent-student cooperation is effectual and should be added to extensive reading ( ER ) which involves pupils in mutely reading big measures of reading stuffs. The five grounds include: Students can infect each other with enthusiasm for reading. Students can propose good ER stuffs for each other. The more adept pupils can assist other pupils. Peers provide an audience with whom pupils can portion about what they hold read. The other manner supplying student-student cooperation is through holding pupils or scholars help each other learn by learning each other. Harmonizing to Sen and co-workers ( 2009 ) , â€Å" holding other pupils work with the pupil holding trouble in reading was among the most normally cited schemes in Chinese Taipei, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago † ( p. 3 ) . The consequence of student-teacher cooperation on reading comprehension of the scholars is the following subdivision to be examined. Student-teacher cooperation refers to any sort of interaction and activity established between the pupil and the instructor, which has been indicated to be constructive and affect positively the overall linguistic communication acquisition of the scholars, reading comprehension included. Instructional conversation, which refers to â€Å" state of affairs in which pupils learn through interaction with instructors and/or other pupils † ( Woolfolk et al. , 2003. p. 335 ) , is considered to be an effectual manner in developing Student-teacher cooperation, which accordingly will hold pupils learn from their instructors and better their linguistic communication acquisition development, reading comprehension included. Harmonizing to Sen and co-workers ( 2009 ) , there are two types of Student- instructor cooperation, which are among the school-support schemes that help pupils develop their overall linguistic communication larning abilities: The instructor spends more clip working with the pupil separately. The pupil works in the regular schoolroom with a teacher-aide. Both of these two types of Student-teacher cooperation appeared to be effectual in linguistic communication acquisition development ; nevertheless, the first 1 was proved to be among the most normally cited schemes used and the 2nd 1 was found to be among the least normally cited schemes used in the bulk of states around the universe. The last subdivision analyzes the consequence of student-reading specialist cooperation on scholars ‘ reading comprehension. Reading specializer is the 1 who is a sort of expert in reading and its comprehension, is the 1 who is adept and experienced in the field. Student-reading specialist cooperation is a cooperation that is established between the pupil and the reading expert. This type of cooperation has been proved to be a constructive and effectual 1 in linguistic communication acquisition development ( Woolfolk et al. , 2003 ; Sen et al. , 2009 ) as will be discussed following. Cognitive apprenticeship has been shown to be an effectual manner in overall linguistic communication acquisition development, reading comprehension included, as student- reading specialist cooperation. Woolfolk and co-workers ( 2003 ) defined cognitive apprenticeship as â€Å" a relationship in which a less experient scholar acquires knowledge and accomplishments under the counsel of an expert † ( p. 337 ) . It was believed to be an effectual signifier of instruction in general and linguistic communication acquisition in peculiar, reading comprehension included ( Woolfolk et al. , 2003 ) . The other manner of set uping student-reading specializer cooperation in order to hold an enhanced comprehension among scholars is through holding pupils work with a reading specializer whether in a remedial schoolroom or in the regular schoolroom. Research ( Sen et al. , 2009 ) has shown that both of the schemes were proved to be effectual in heightening the reading comprehension of the scholars ; nevertheless, none of them was among the most normally cited schemes used in the bulk of the states. How to cite The Effect Of Cooperation On Efl Learners Education Essay, Essay examples

Project Management Project Life Cycle

Introduction Projects are temporary endeavours. They are constrained by time, scope, and monetary resources. Projects must fulfil specific goals and objectives as explained in various phases that constitute the project life cycle. A project life cycle begins with scope definition followed by planning, execution, and finally delivering (Cadle Yeates 2001). An important aspect of project management, which cuts across all these phases, is project evaluation. For instance, in the execution phase, the evaluation involves the attempt to establish whether various objectives and goals of the different stages of project execution process are realised (Zekic Samarzija 2012, p.101). The goal of this paper is to discuss the process of project management in a project whose scope was defined as ‘designing and construction of 150-gigalitres expandable to 200-gigalitres desalination plant in Victoria.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Management: Project Life Cy cle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the discussion of the project is limited to four stages that characterise the life cycle of a project (defining, planning, execution, and delivering), the stages are also part of the nine project management knowledge areas defined by PMBOK. Thus, the knowledge areas are found necessary in the discussions of this paper. PMBOK is ‘a collection of processes and knowledge areas that are generally accepted as the best practices within the project management discipline’ (Haughey 2012, Para. 1). These knowledge areas include scope management, cost management, time management, risk management, integration management, procurement management, and communication management. Definition Phase The definition phase involves the establishment of goals, specifications, tasks, and responsibilities in a given project. The goal of the Victorian Desalination Project was to enhance the augmentation of water supplies within Geelong and Melbourne areas and their surroundings. Thus, the project was to be implemented in a manner that would make sure that this goal was precisely achieved within time and resources constraint. From the paradigms of PMBOK, the definition phase encompasses the scope management. Scope management houses components such as ‘scope initiation, scope planning, scope verification, scope definition, and scope change and control’ (Tolbert 2008, p.57). The announcement of the intention to construct an Australian largest desalination plant on 19 July 2007 marked the scope initiation phase for the Victorian Desalination Project. The specification for the project was stated as planning and erection of a desalination project with a volume of 150-billion litres and flexible to 200 billion litres (Kjorstad 2010, p.7). Another specification required the plant to have seven channel-linking areas for water supply to Melbourne and other regions in South Gipps land (Government Initiatives 2012, Para. 6). Additionally, the plant had to have underground power supply, which spans a distance of 87 km. These specifications defined the scope-planning component of management as one of essential areas of PMBOK. These specifications ensured that the planning phase would include the execution of activities, thus guaranteeing the achievement of the stipulated specifications. This implies that defining the specifications of the Victorian Desalination Project facilitated the development of procedures for allocating time and monetary resources to the project. The definition phase of a project also involves subdivision of all major deliverables of the project into small manageable deliverables or tasks. In case of Victorian Desalination Project, a list of these tasks is available from Government Initiatives (2012). For successful delivery of the desalination plant objectives, its construction involved tasks such as the elevation of 225 hectares of land to form a coastal park, with water surrounding it, mainly for public utilisation. Construction of ‘long tunnels for intake and outlet to protect the coast and beach –200-billion litre capacity coupled with 84-kilometre two-way water transfer pipeline–200-billion litre capacity’ (Government Initiatives 2012, Para.5) were also other major tasks that constituted the Victorian Desalination Project. Before defining responsibilities, scope verification is an important aspect of scope management. It refers to the process of formalising the reception of the plan’s range (Tolbert 2008, p.57). With regard to the desalination plant, scope verification was realised through conducting assessments followed by appropriate consultations on the likely impacts of the desalination plant. The assessment studies for the desalination plant determined whether the project was feasible. Upon declaration of the project as feasible, it became possible to define and allocate responsibilities.Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Defining responsibilities involves establishing various roles and functions of the various parties that are involved in project execution, control, and monitoring. In the case of the Victorian Desalination Project, the responsibility of the project manager was defined as leading together with management of various project teams. The project manager also engaged in responsibilities such as recruitment of staff and consultants, co-ordination of the groups that were taking part in the project work, maintaining project plans, monitoring the performance of the project, and provision of status reports among other tasks. A project manager achieves these responsibilities through the help of managers in different project work units (Turner MÃ ¼ller 2005, p.222; Pinto Trailer 2005, p.49) The government of Australia was the major proj ect sponsor. Its responsibilities were defined as availing resources for execution of the project, approval of budgets, leading the project board, and setting strategies for resolving issues beyond the mandates of the project board or project manager. The government also played the role of championing for the project and/or making major decisions regarding the manner of project execution. The definition of responsibilities also involves setting suppliers and project team members’ responsibilities. The suppliers have noble mandates for ensuring that ‘mandatory supplier requirements are met, managing the production and approval of the supplier side budget, making effective use of supplier resources within the approved budget, tracking performance of consultants, and taking the appropriate actions’ (Pinheiro 2010, p.9). In addition to playing these responsibilities in the Victorian Desalination Project, the definition of suppliers’ responsibilities also inclu ded managing suppliers’ staff members who were taking part in the project, ensuring quality of the materials delivered, and engaging in constant communication with the project managers to ensure smooth and consistent supply of materials to avoid delays. Project team members are involved directly in the implementation of a project. They ‘provide functional expertise in an administrative process; work with users to ensure the project meets business needs and document and analyse current and future processes’ (Zekic Samarzija 2012, p.105). For the Victorian Desalination Project, members were also required to facilitate mapping together with the identification of information needs, conducting user training, providing a definition for necessities in interfacing, and reporting practices. Planning Phase The planning phase of a project incorporates aspects such as budgeting, resource planning, risk analysis and mitigation, scheduling, and staffing. From the context of P MBOK, cost management engulfs all vital tasks that are paramount in facilitating the completion of projects within budgetary constraints (Haughey, 2012). Before the desalination project commenced, costs budgeting was done. It entailed assigning the general cost approximations to individual job performance (Tolbert 2008, p.58). The project was estimated to cost the government approximately 3.1 billion dollars. Desalination plant was budgeted to take 47 percent of the total cost of the project. Marine structures were budgeted to take 18 percent while power supply was to take 7 percent. The transfer pipeline budget was 28 percent of the total capital cost (Mitchell et al. 2008, p.15). However, resulting from the financial crisis in 2009, additional costs were encountered, thus prompting borrowing of extra funds. Resources that had to be planned for included materials for construction, human resource (staffing), and equipment. Upon conducting resource planning, the tender was awarded to AquaSure. The company proved that it had the required human resource capacity, technology, and equipment for executing the project. Millar and Schneiders (2011) support this claim by reckoning that AquaSure had ‘high energy efficiency membranes, producing high quality desalinated water matching Melbourne’s world-class water, with a solution that provided certainty to the delivery of water by the end of 2011’ (Para.3). The proposal by the company revealed that it was ready to offer highly dependable services. The Victorian Desalination Project’s evaluation of bids was conducted by the end of 2009. In the same time, awarding of the contract was done. In the case of sequencing of the project’s activities that Murch (2001) and Nicholas (2001) refer as scheduling, various parts of the desalination plant such as marine structures, power supply, and transfer pipeline were allocated different times for starting and completion. The operation of the project was scheduled for December 2011. This date was set following the scheduling of completion of the project between September 2010 and June 2011. However, the operation date of the project was never realised.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Management: Project Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Projects encounter different types of risks, which may result in their failure. Consequently, the planning phase for projects requires development of strategies for risks management (PMI 2000). Risk planning entails identification and setting of strategies for responding to probable risks in a project (Alexander Sheedy 2005; Kallman 2011). The main objective is to exploit the likelihood and cost of constructive proceedings besides reducing the chances and impacts of unfavourable actions on project goals (Mitchell 2008). In case of the desalination project, the government, the states and the contracted comp any agreed to assume various risks. In the planning phase, the various risks that were likely to affect the project were identified. They included site risks, scope risks, designing, constructing, and commissioning risks, operational risks, industrial relations, law alteration risks, asset risks, and finance and sponsor risks among others. The state was to assume site risks, risks of key approval, natives’ claims, and land acquisition risks. AquaSure assumed environmental contamination and site conditions risks. Scope risks were planned to be taken up by the state. AquaSure planned to assume equally the threat of postponement of conclusion time together with the amplified building expenses accruing from other risks such as court rulings that prohibited the advancement of the scheme and law alterations. Lastly, AquaSure planned to take care of the risks of design and construction of various power supply and water systems. Execution Phase The procurement department initiated th e execution process by acquiring services and materials. The process of procurement required good management of the acquired material resources to ensure they were of the right quantity and quality. In the effort to ensure that the venture advanced as designed, the project administrator was required to prepare project development status statement. The government submitted and reviewed the reports. It was in charge of ensuring that the project delivered its deliverables on behalf of the public. Status reports were essential in ensuring the project delivered its set objectives as predetermined in the idea conception and planning stage. In the execution of the project, change was inevitable. Bad weather and the impacts of economic crunch experienced in 2009 together with technical difficulties in the construction process made it necessary to make changes of the completion date of the project by extending it by one year. As part of change management, following the economic crunch on 200 9, there were a myriad of change controls especially in matters of the project financing. These changes included procurement of various alternatives for funding to cater for the increased costs of resources for the project. These changes were incorporated to ensure that the quality of the final project remained as planned and specified in the project scope definition phase. Monitoring and control of the Victorian Desalination Project was vital in ensuring the project remained on track never to slip from the path. Monitoring and control of the gathered data provided the means of forecasting the capacity of the project to comply precisely with the performance thresholds upon its completion as anticipated and developed in the planning phase. Forecasting also ensured that the project deliverables profiled the quality standards established for desalination plants. Through the project forecasts, the extents and thresholds to which the desalination project risks were mitigated so that they do not influence future performance of the project were determined. Delivering Phase Upon completion of a project, the project manager garners and releases the necessary documents detailing resources that have been consumed. These documents are then transferred to the project sponsors (Dessler 2004). In the case of the Victorian Desalination Project, managers sought administrative and legal acceptance of the project after having evidenced that the project delivered the objectives and goals that led to its creation. When the project is accepted, the project manager releases the various staff members off their duties and responsibilities since the project does not exist anymore. Releasing staff people sets in the stage in which the project owner’s or sponsor’s staff that will be in charge of operating the project are trained on the project operations (Dessler 2004). For this project, AquaSure was the designer and the project executor. The company would also maintain and run the project operations for the next 27.7 years after are completion in December 2012. This implied that the organisation was to supply and train the human resource required in running the Victorian Desalination Project.Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before declaring that the Victorian Desalination Project was completed successfully, information on the extent to which all stakeholders were satisfied by the project, considering their claims, which translated into conflicts of interest in the planning phase, were provided. Such concerns also formed the basis of documentation of various lessons learnt from the project in a bid to ensure that other similar projects do not incur similar challenges in the future. Since the perceptions of the stakeholders on the project were satisfying and consistent with the performance and design requirements of the project, the project manager declared the Victorian Desalination Project complete, hence closing in December 2012. References Alexander, C. Sheedy, E. 2005, The Professional Risk Managers’ Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Current Theory and Best Practices, PRMIA Publications, New Jersey, NJ. Cadle, J. Yeates, D. 2001, Project Management for Information Systems, Pearson Educatio n, Malaysia. Dessler, G. 2004, ‘Project Management Principles and Practices’, Journal of Project Management, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 345-357. Government Initiatives 2012, Desalination project, https://www.water.vic.gov.au/water-grid-and-markets/desalination. Haughey, D. 2012, The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pmbok.php. Kallman, J. 2011, ‘Risk Management Process’, Journal of Risk Management, vol. 2 no. 3, pp. 121-125. Kjorstad, J. 2010, ‘Featured Global Projects,’ Infrastructure Journal, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 1-80. Millar, R. Schneiders, B. 2011, The Price of a Drink, https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/the-price-of-a-drink-20111211-1opia.html. Mitchell, K., Wimbush, N., Harty, C., Lampe, G. Sharpley, G. 2008, Environment Effects Statement: Victorian Desalination Project Report of the Inquiry to the minister for planning, Australian Institute of Publication, Australia. Murch, R. 2001, Project Manag ement Best Practices for IT Professionals, Prentice Hall, USA. Nicholas, J. 2001, Project Management for Business and Technology 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, USA. Pinheiro, A. 2010, ‘How Do Managers Control Technology Intensive Work?’, Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 1-12. Pinto, J. Trailer, J. 2005, Leadership Skills for Project Managers, Project Management Institute Inc., New York, NY. PMI 2000, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute Inc., White Plains. Tolbert, L. 2008, ‘Nine Knowledge Areas’, Journal of Community Academy, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 56-59. Turner, J. MÃ ¼ller, R. 2005, ‘The Project Manager’s Leadership Style as a Success Factor on Projects: A Literature Review’, Project Management Journal, vol. 7 no. 3, pp. 219-234. Zekic, Z. Samarzija, L. 2012, ‘Project Management of Dynamic Optimisation of Business Performance’, International Busine ss Research, vol. 5 no.12, pp. 99-111. This report on Project Management: Project Life Cycle was written and submitted by user Damari Herman to help you with your own studies. 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